Management Structures And Organization Of Hotels

Management Structures And Organization Of Hotels This module introduces the basic concepts of hotel operations. It will help students to acquire the basic knowledge about the hotel business and its operations prior to acquiring more knowledge in the field The learner should read the ATHE resources, study the recommended text book on this unit and also do their own research. Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria Centres are free to offer this the qualifications using any mode of delivery that meets the needs of their learners. This may be through traditional classroom teaching, open learning, distance learning or a combination of these. Whatever mode of delivery is used, centres must ensure that learners have appropriate access to the resources identified in the specifications and to the subject specialists delivering the units. This is particularly important for learners studying for the qualification through open or distance learning. The lecture and seminar notes provided below are for guidance and it is up to the centre whether they use these or alternative ones. The questions at the end of each unit will form the evidence of understanding. Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria 1. Understand how to categorise the different levels of management. 1.1 Explain how the first line management level differs from middle management level. 1.2 Differentiate the variety of functions of someone who works at top management level. 2. Understand management structures and the way in which the hotel is organised. 2.1 Explain the nature and necessity of management structure in a large hotel. 2.2 Describe and illustrate an organisational structure suitable for a medium sized hotel in a city centre. 3. Understand the importance of maintaining different types of food services within a hotel. 3.1 Examine the different types of room service available for food and beverage. 3.2 Analyse the management of food service in a large hotel. 4. Understand how to appraise the various control systems within a major international hotel. 4.1 Formulate different ways of creating and storing information in a hotel. 4.2 Understand the various ways of financial control systems in a specific hotel. Introduction to Hotel Management Suggested Lesson Plan 1. Understand how to categorise the different levels of management. 1.1 Explain how the first line management level differs from middle management level. Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss with the students about two different line managers as an example quality of first line management and middle line management Lecture This lecture should focus on front line staff should be highly skilled. Group discussion The lecturer should ask the students to pick the work schedule of a Laundry Manager, where teamwork was working and was disrupted by different factors, then facilitate a discussion around this. 1.2 Differentiate the variety of functions of someone who works at top management level. Lecture Explain the variety of functions in a large hotel and identify the top management ones. Seminar: Discuss the paragraph below A manager may be responsible for one functional area, but the general manager is responsible for all areas. Most commonly, the term general manager refers to any executive who has overall responsibility for managing both the revenue and cost elements of a companys income statement. This is often referred to as profit loss (PL) responsibility. This means that a general manager usually oversees most or all of the hotels marketing and sales functions as well as the day-to-day operations of the hotel. Frequently, the general manager is also responsible for leading or coordinating the strategic planning functions of the company. In many cases, the general manager of a hotel is given a different formal title or titles. Most corporate managers holding the titles of chief executive officer (CEO) or president, for example, are the general managers of their respective businesses Seminar Discuss the duties of a general manager In hotels, the General Manager is the executive manager responsible for the overall operation of a hotel establishment. The General Manager holds ultimate authority over the hotel operation and usually reports directly to a corporate office or hotel owner. Common duties of a General Manager include hiring and management of a management team, overall management of hotel staff, budgeting and financial management, creating and enforcing business objectives and goals, managing projects and renovations, management of emergencies and other major issues involving guests, employees, or the facility, public relations with the media, local governments, and other businesses, and many additional duties. The extent of duties of a hotel General Manager vary significantly depending on the size of the hotel and company; for example, General Managers of smaller hotels may have additional duties such as accounting, human resources, payroll, purchasing, and other duties that would usually be handled by other managers or departments in a larger hotel. Group Discussion Discuss issues brought up at the lecture and how will this differ with smaller hotels. 2. Understand management structures and the way in which the hotel is organised. 2.1 Explain the nature and necessity of management structure in a large hotel Lecture Lecturer will use the following structure and explain to students. A typical organizational chart for a mid-scale to large hotel: General Manager Assistant Manager or Operations Manager Director of Room Operations Front Office Manager Guest Relations Manager(s) Concierge Manager Front Desk Manager PBX Supervisor Reservations Manager Bell Services Manager Executive Housekeeper Housekeeping Manager(s) Director of Sales Marketing Senior Sales Manager Sales Manager(s) Sales Coordinator Catering Manager Revenue Manager Convention Services Manager(s) Director of Food Beverage Restaurant Manager(s) Room Service Manager Bar Manager Banquet Manager Chief Engineer Director of Human Resources Director of Security Spa Recreation Manager Accounting Manager / Controller Group Discussion Discuss issues brought up at the lecture and how this structure will differ with smaller hotels. 2.2 Describe and illustrate an organisational structure suitable for a medium sized hotel in a city centre Seminar Students will use the organisational chart shown above and then design a flow chart for a smaller hotel. 3. Understand the importance of maintaining different types of food services within a hotel. 3.1 Examine the different types of food service available for food and beverage. Lecture Teacher should explain the different types of food services available and students should then write down examples and the type of person who uses them, e.g. business lunch or quick snack. Students can use notes below. There are various types of food services. Restaurants fall into several industry classification based upon menu style, preparation methods and pricing. Additionally, how the food is served to the customer helps to determine the classification. Historically, restaurant referred only to places that provided tables where one sat down to eat the meal, typically served by a waiter. Following the rise of fast food and take-out restaurants, a retronym for the older standard restaurant was created, sit-down restaurant. Most commonly, sit-down restaurant refers to a casual dining restaurant with table service rather than a fast-food restaurant where one orders food at a counter. Sit-down restaurants are often further categorized as family-style or formal. In British English, the term restaurant almost always means an eating establishment with table service, so the sit-down qualification is not usually necessary. Fast food and takeaway (takeout) outlets with counter service are not normally referred to as restaurants. Outside of North-America the terms Fast casual-dining restaurants, Family style, and Casual dining are not used. Junk food establishments would also not often be referred to as a restaurant. Group discussion After both the Seminar and Lecture the tutor/lecturer should ask the students to write down any questions they have and partake in researching those questions. The students should then bring those questions and research they have undertaken to a smaller group where debate and questioning should be encouraged 3.2 Analyse the function of food and beverage service in a large hotel. Lecture Examine the roles of the Food and Beverage department for a hotel business. The Food and Beverage (FB) department in a hotel is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the dining rooms, restaurants. room service (if available), and the needs of any other function such as a meeting or party that might desire food and beverages. SeminarWhat is the difference in the management of food and beverage services offered by a large hotel compared to a budget hotel. 4. Understand how to appraise the various control systems within a major international hotel. 4.1 Formulate different ways of creating and storing information in a hotel. Seminar Discuss how the information hotels get from guests including personal and bank cards and how they are stored in a secure way 4.2 Understand the various ways of management control systems in a specific hotel. Lecture 2 The lecture can be based on definition and examples of management control. Management controls, in the broadest sense, include the plan of organization, methods and procedures adopted by management to ensure that its goals are met. Management controls include processes for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling programme operations. A subset of management controls are the internal controls used to assure that there is prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the entitys assets.Simons (1994) defined MCS as the formal, information-based routines and procedures managers use to maintain or alter patterns in organizational activities. Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss with the students utensils Inventory control of every department. Unit 2-Hotel staff Management This unit is to help students understand the importance of staffing in a hotel. Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria Importance of briefing of hotel staff Regular coaching gives staff development Appraisal and training gives motivation to staff Staff co-ordination keeps good team work within the industry Hotel staff require speaking skills Explain GMs working process of a hotel Explain all departmental heads duty rosta 1. Understand effective methods of communication for hotel managers when managing staff. 1.1 Examine the different methods of communicating with staff in a large hotel. 1.2 Analyse the importance of the management of staff coordination within a large hotel. 2. Understand hotel organisational charts 2.3 Explain why lines of authority are particularly important in a large metropolitan hotel. 2.4 Evaluate the importance of two organisational rules and regulations. 3. Understand how to review and comment on the management organisational structure of different types of hotels. 3.1 Illustrate the chain of command in a small hotel by using a Management Organisational Chart. 3.2 Explain the nature and necessity of a complex structure in a large hotel. 4. Understand progression opportunities within the hotel industry. 4.1 Analyse the career path within one department of a large hotel. 4.2 Illustrate using a diagram the place of the hotel industry as one of the components of the Tourist industry. Hotel Staff Management-Suggested lesson plan 1. Understand effective methods of communication for hotel managers when managing staff. 1.1 Examine the different methods of communicating with staff in a large hotel. Lecture The lecturer should select a large hotel and discuss the different methods of communication available for both guests and staff. This would depend on the size of the hotel. The students should then be given an assignment where they would imagine a large hotel in a city where many of the staff and guests have lesser knowledge of English and how to communicate messages. Group discussion Continue from lecture and discuss. 1.2 Analyse the importance of the management of staff within a large hotel. Lecture can be based on following notes Small- and medium-sized firms employers realise the value of their staff in driving forward business success according to a recent survey based on a telephone interviews with 500 SMEs. However, too few SMEs focus on the need to motivate staff other than by financial incentives.83% of the SME directors/senior managers surveyed see employees as their businesss most important asset, while 63% believe that attracting and retaining staff is as important to an enterprises success as providing good customer service.However, the report, People Management in Growing Companies, commissioned from MORI by gusinessHR, a SME human resource advisory specialist, also examines SMEs behaviour in terms of expenditure and policies in the light of these opinions. It reveals that SMEs are not necessarily reflecting their views in their actions.A key finding is that SMEs are concerned with their employees job satisfaction and staff motivation, but as many as 86% feel that financial incentives salary and b enefits will do the trick in attracting and retaining staff. Only 28% cited good training and development opportunities for employees as important, with just 25% viewing achieving a good balance between work and home life as significant. An overview of SME human resource policies illustrated that they tended more towards protecting the employer than nurturing the employee. 96% have formal employment contracts, 93% have disciplinary/dismissal procedures, and 88% have health and safety assessment audits and grievance procedures. Only about three-quarters have staff training and development plans and less than two-thirds have a formal appraisal system in place.Businesshr managing director Ian Stobie commented, Skills shortages and the rising costs of recruiting staff mean that it is vital for SMEs to retain key staff if companies wish to grow. Throwing money at someone who is bored will not buy their commitment or ensure consistent, outstanding performance. Interestingly, the larger SMEs (those with over 100 employees) tended to be more concerned about motivating and retaining staff, and their productivity, and placed more value than smaller companies on training and self-development, as well as having more systems and policies in place which motivate and support employees. 91% of larger SMEs have staff handbooks, 85% training and development plans and 80% have an appraisal system.Manager of Advisory Services at businesshr, Tom OReilly, explained, you can think like a corporate but on a smaller scale. SMEs need to get to the root of the issues that affect their employees [rather than just increasing their salaries, for example].There are a variety of sources to tap about human resources issues, but a useful starting point for smaller businesses, is the Small Business Advice Service, managed by the Department of Trade and Industry. Its website is at www.businessonline.org . For a copy of the report, visit www.businesshr.net/businesshr_27cApril.pdf .With thanks to Lloyds TSB Success4Business. For more news and information visit www.success4business.com © 2010 Association of Tourism Hospitality Executives Group discussion Discuss and answer questions on case study. 2.Understand hotel organisational charts 2.1 Explain why lines of authority are particularly important in a large metropolitan hotel. Lecture Organizational structure involves, in addition to task organizational boundary considerations, the designation of jobs within an organization and the relationships among those jobs. There are numerous ways to structure jobs within an organization, but two of the most basic forms include simple line structures and line-and-staff structures. In a line organization, top management has complete control, and the chain of command is clear and simple. Examples of line organizations are small businesses in which the top manager, often the owner, is positioned at the top of the organizational structure and has clear lines of distinction between him and his subordinates. The line-and-staff organization combines the line organization with staff departments that support and advise line departments. Most medium and large-sized firms exhibit line-and-staff organizational structures. The distinguishing characteristic between simple line organizations and line-and-staff organizations is the multiple layers of management within line-and-staff organizations. The following sections refer primarily to line-and-staff structures, although the advantages and disadvantages discussed apply to both types of organizational structures. Several advantages and disadvantages are present within a line-and-staff organization. An advantage of a line-and-staff organization is the availability of technical specialists. Staff experts in specific areas are incorporated into the formal chain of command. A disadvantage of a line-and-staff organization is conflict between line and staff personnel. Group discussion Questions and discussion relating to case study. 2.2 Evaluate the importance of two organisational rules and regulations. Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss different organisational rules and regulations. Group discussion After both the Seminar and Lecture the tutor/lecturer should ask the students to write down any questions they have and partake in researching those questions. The students should then bring those questions and research they have undertaken to a smaller group where debate and questioning should be encouraged 3. Understand how to review and comment on the management organisational structure of different types of hotels. 3.1 Illustrate the chain of command in a small hotel by using a Management Organisational Chart. Lecture This lecture should focus on General Managers working process of a hotel increase business Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss about duty rosta of departmental heads 3.2 Explain the nature and necessity of a complex structure in a large hotel. Lecture This lecture should focus on explain types of chain association and classify types of chain association Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss explain the management contract in a large hotel. 4 Understand progression opportunities within the hotel industry. 4.1 Analyse the career path within one department of a large hotel Lecture This can be based as below. Career in the Hotel Industry Overview There are numerous job opportunities available within the hotel industry due to the many different departments that contribute to the smooth running of an establishment. These include both front and back of house operations such as housekeeping, maintenance, reception, and food and beverage. Additionally, all hotels need a manager and some have individual department managers reporting to a general manager, thus providing opportunities for promotion. Also, the larger chains will often employ area managers who are responsible for the management of a network of hotels. No matter what position you undertake within a hotel, the primary focus of the role will be to ensure that optimum service standards are delivered to guests and visitors to the premises. On the reception desk, you are the first point of contact for guests checking in and out of the hotel, and will therefore have to deal with enquiries and complaints on a daily basis. In the restaurant and bar areas, you are responsible for the quality of food and beverages served to the guests. As a housekeeper, you are accountable for the condition of the bedrooms and the public areas of the hotel. Hotel managers are accountable for all hotel functions as well as the administrative and accounting duties associated with the management of the premises. Additionally, hotels with bars must be compliant with statutory licensing regulations and it is the responsibility of the manager to ensure that this is maintained. Due to the nature of the business, working in a hotel involves unsociable hours with many hotels often busier at weekends and on public holidays. It is essential to be passionate about customer service and all customer-facing roles require excellent communication and interpersonal skills. Hotel managers need to have strong business acumen and the ability to implement effective marketing strategies to enable the hotel to remain profitable in what is a highly competitive industry sector. There will always be complaints received from guests and customers so a professional approach is important as is the ability to deal diplomatically and tactfully with any incidents that occur. Entry requirements The hotel industry is one that benefits more from the personality traits of its staff rather than their standard of education, although for progression to management level it is possible to undertake HNC, HND and degree qualifications in Hotel and Hospitality Management. Most of the larger hotel chains, including Marriott, Travelodge, Ramada and Best Western, offer training courses leading to the achievement of NVQs or SVQs in Hospitality Service, Hospitality Supervision and Hospitality Management. Progression opportunities At entry level, the hotel industry is not necessarily one that pays particularly well although this does improve with progression to management level. Some of the larger hotel chains also have establishments in other countries so if you have a desire to work overseas, the hotel industry can offer excellent opportunities to those willing to learn a foreign language. Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss a career in a specific department e.g. housekeeping. 4.2 Illustrate, using a diagram, the place of the hotel industry as one of the components of the Tourist industry. Lecture This can be based on following case study In the modern times, the way people spend their vacations has undergone a great change. People like to spend good times with family and friend while at the same time exploring various tourist places across the globe. As a result the tourism industry across the globe has seen an unprecedented growth which in turn has also resulted in tremendous growth in the hotel and accommodation facilities. Comfortable hotels and accommodation facilities play a very important role in popularizing any tourist destination. If a person, who is quite far away from home, gets to enjoy the same facilities and comforts as he enjoys at his home, then he is bound to become attached to the place. On the other hand if the tourist ends up at a place where the hotels and accommodation facilities are not satisfactory, it is quite likely that he might never return to that place. Perhaps that is why, hotels and accommodation facilities being made available at different tourists spots, have shifted the focus to providing maximum comfort to tourists at reasonable rates. It is also vital to provide comfortable accommodation to people from diverse economical backgrounds. While five star hotels can cater to the needs of affluent visitors, small and medium range hotels and lodging houses are available for use by a middle class traveler. Blog reviews are also vital in that information about all the hotels and accommodation facilities available in a particular tourism spot are available to people quite easily. For this there can be no better option than internet, as most tourist gain information about the hotels and accommodation facilities through this medium only. The other ways are by making booklets containing information about the hotels and accommodation facilities available at train and bus stations. The information provided to the tourists should be detailed and correct. It should contain the information related to room rentals, types of rooms, catering services, check out times, pick and drop facilities etc. Additional information about the significant tourist spots in the area can also be provided both on the net as well as the booklets, to promote not only the hotel but the tourist spot as well. There are many websites available on the internet which are based on travel and tourism. You can get information regarding hotel accommodations, tourists place, and business blog reviews sight scenes. You should search these websites to make your travel easy and plan things accordingly. Through blog reviews you can get the link of such websites that are truly genuine and will provide you with travel packages into many countries. Read these blog reviews and you will know better. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Suman_Ahliya Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss relation between hotel and tourism and how hotels are an integral part of the tourism industry. Unit 3-Marketing of Accommodation Explain pricing strategy Understanding Client behaviour Knowledge of Market Research and Planning Marketing to organize Manage the retail marketing mix Analyse SWOT 1. Understand how marketing principles apply to different types of hotels. 1.1 Examine the components of the marketing mix as applied to the hotel industry. 1.2 Analyse the benefits of segmentation for a large hotel. 2. Understand the marketing strategies and communication strategies of hotels. 2.1 Analyse the advantages of branding in relation the hotel industry. 2.2 Prepare a detailed SWOT analysis for a large chain of hotels. 3. Understand how two sales promotion packages are used to promote hotel services. 3.1 Evaluate two external influences which may affect the promotion of hotels. 3.2 Analyse three marketing objectives to be used in the planning of a promotional campaign. 4. Understand the part which market research has in the selling of accommodation and services 4.1Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of both primary and secondary research. 4.2 Illustrate how two internal and two external sources of information can be used by a hotel when promoting holidays. Marketing of Accommodation-suggested lesson plan Do the case study on Riverview and ask questions. 1. Understand how marketing principles apply to different types of hotels. 1.1 Examine the components of the marketing mix as applied to the hotel industry. Lecture: Explain how the marketing mix is directly responsible for maximizing room sales and revenues in a hotel. Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should explain pricing strategy 1.2 Analyse the benefits of segmentation for a large hotel. The tutor will need to explain what segmentation is and then discuss the list below and whether all of these would apply to a hotel marketing. Companies who segment their markets match their strengths and offerings to the groups of customers most likely to respond to them. Points for discussion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Differentiate products and services to meet customer needs and desires. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Design or redesign new products and services to meet market needs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Find hidden needs and make improvements to existing products. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ By selecting and focusing on the most responsive segments to the exclusion of others, marketing can be created to more effectively fit consumers needs. Finding, understanding and focusing on the needs of the best customers can make a market leader. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Target marketing mix to the customers most likely to want the products or services à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify behaviours and buying motives for products. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify most and least profitable customers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Help. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Avoid unprofitable markets. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increase brand loyalty and decrease brand switching. 2. Understand the marketing strategies and communication strategies of hotels. 2.1 Analyse the advantages of branding in relation the hotel industry. Lecture In this lecture the lecturer should discuss with the students branding systems in International Marketing Group discussion Srudents should have had photographic evidence of branding of major hotel chains and discuss usefulness in marketing on a global scale. 2.2 Prepare a detailed SWOT analysis for a large chain of hotels. Lecture Provide an explanation of the case study below and advise the students on what they should do. Case study Riverview Hotel The Hotel The Riverview Hotel, Notown USA, is representative of the five star brand within the Exclusive Business Hotels of the World group. All Riverview Hotels are boutique properties, offering between 25 and 35 exclusive rooms. Mission The Riverview Hotel is dedicated to providing its guests with the highest quality of service and standards. We seek to deliver on our promise of value and quality above all else. We value our place in the community and will work to develop those relationships and to respect and protect our environment. We will continue to strive to create value for both owners and shareholders whilst honoring our brand values and encouraging our personnel to develop themselves in an environment of trust, loyalty and encouragement. Service Offering Service: high-quality facilities accompanied by exemplary personal service, differentiated from competition in line with the overall brand strategy, has proven to be a successful approach generating high levels of repeat business. Positioning The Riverview Hotel is positioned as a five star plus, business travellers hotel, strategically located and offering a high level of personal service. Our focus is on offe

Explaining the role of ‘suppliers’ Essay

Question: Explaining the role of ‘suppliers’ in an organization’s microenvironment. Discuss the impact the supplier environment might have on the marketing of soft drinks. Definition of suppliers: Firms and individuals that provide the resources needed by the company to produce its goods and services (lecture 3, p10). This includes materials and parts, capital items, supplies and service. (Diagram 1. 4) The Role of suppliers Suppliers play a vital role in an organization’s microenvironment. The relationship between suppliers and organizations are built on a solid foundation of value. (Diagram 1. 3) The growth and the vision of the organization depend heavily on the values that the suppliers can offer. The extent to which organizations and suppliers work together toward their respective or common goals is defined as Joint action. In this Joint, the supplier contribute significantly in provides sources of competitive advantages towards the organizations against other competitors as well as save cost and achieve efficiency for the organization. (Diagram 1. 1) Supplier and organization are interdependent on each other. This relationship develops and nurture strong business ties and make both needed each other to achieve desired goals. The ties can become stronger when both an organization and a supplier are highly dependent on each other. The most important thing is that an organization cannot offer customers superior service if the suppliers are not giving the organization the same. It is important that the organization has a high communication frequency and information sharing with its suppliers. A good frequent contact and information sharing helps routine issues such as product availability, order handling and delivery issues and reduce uncertainty. When the organization has frequent communication with it’s suppliers, it can give the supplier the chance for operational improvements and product development. This can indirectly help the organization because when the advice is accepted, the efficiency and effectiveness of the supplies can be improved. If the role of the supplier is underestimated by the organization, the organization could prevent itself from improving and developing. Customer accommodation(Diagram 1. 2) This reflects to what extent the suppliers are prepared to accommodate customer’s changing needs and want, which is always changing rapidly and abruptly. Can suppliers be flexible? Are they prepared to relax rules for customers? Can they respond to the unexpected? And so on. Here, the role of supplier is vital. If the organization cannot accommodate what customer need and want because of the supplier, the organization could incur a decrease in sale in short term and damage customer satisfaction in the long term. The offering A high level of product quality usually leads to customer confidence. An organization cannot build that confidence if their supplier cannot produce a high quality supplies. The role of supplier here is to make sure they can produce quality product that an organization is expected as well as it’s costumers. Transaction cost is also another important element in supplier’s offering. Transaction cost emphasizes the efficiency of inter-firm ex-change and the magnitude of transaction cost is what determines the degree of relational behavior between firms (K. Kim, 1999, p 218). Transaction cost includes frequency of transaction, uncertainty and asset specificity, such as location of firms and the delivery. Cost. Organization seeks suppliers that give the best price, such as cost of the products, materials of components purchased and other costs involved process. The supplier also needs to position their price that will bring cost benefits to the company so that their relationship is maintained steadily. Brand and country of production Brand and country of production provides value both to the Customer and organization. The quality of the product is always associated with the brand and Country of production when costumers are making quality judgment. The supplier therefore has an important role when the organization is setting out its marketing strategies. Impact of supplier environment on the marketing of soft drinks Soft drink company researched- coca-cola, PepsiCo, Quakers, Frito-Lay and Tropicana. The use of societal marketing philosophy In the five soft drinks company researched, all of them were involved in helping Minority owned business and Woman/Women Owned Business by making them their secondary suppliers to show that they are concerned about the need and the want of the society as a whole. Their diversity of suppliers made them welcomed in all cultures and different country as well as creates an environment for the organization that attracts better public reputation and favorable publicity. Impact of supplier environment on the marketing of soft drinks According to the marketing philosophy, the organization always has to try to satisfy the needs and the wants of its customer. But without the contribution of suppliers to improve and supply what’s required by the organization to provide its good and services, it would be certain that the organization will not be able to satisfy the needs and wants of costumers. A good supplier environment can help the business to perform better and achieve more. There are few factors that need to be considered for a good supplier environment. In a soft drinks company, the company need to make sure that product, pricing and costumer service of supplier are high in standard. These factors are very important for a soft drink company as that their costumers have rapid and abrupt changes in preferences as well as their dissimilar needs. For example, if a company identifies that a new soft drink needs to be introduced into the market. They must first make sure that there supplier is able to make a new commitment and flexibility towards the new product. Company need to know that if the new soft drink is high in demand; the supplier is able to meet that demand and still maintain the same quality of that particular soft drink. References List  ·International journal of research in Marketing, ‘Joint Action’ (1999)  ·Principles of marketing (2001). Kotler, Adam, Brown and Armstrong  ·Inside Business Success, May 1998.  ·Manager Update Volume 13 number 1 Autumn 2001.  ·Coca-Cola Soft Drink Company official website, www. coca-cola. com  ·PepsiCo Soft Drink Company official website, www. pepsico. com  ·Fritolay Soft Drink Company official website, http://www. fritolay. com/biz/minority/index. html  ·Quaker Soft Drink Company official website, http://www. quakeroats. com/qfb_BusinessPartners/diversity. cfm  ·Tropicana Soft Drink Company official website, http://www. tropicana. com/biz/about/supplier. htm  ·Queensland Government, Department of public works, Managing and monitoring supplier performance. Web site: unknown.

Sexuality and Adolescence - 984 Words

1. Sexuality and Adolescence As therapist, I would reassure Anna that her behavior is normal. That young people start dating today earlier than they did in previous generations and this may be where her mother fails to understand her. It is due also to the tendency for teens to date earlier than they once did that teens by age 14 are more likely to engage in coitus during high school, which explain her boyfriends insistence on sex. On the other hand, there are certainly grounds for her mothers concern. Rathus et al (2006) state that teens who initiate sexual intercourse earlier are less likely to use contraceptives and more likely to end up in an unwanted pregnancy. Anna can easily slip into this category and, particularly considering that she is only 13, this is what her mother wants to avoid at all costs. Having a baby at this age would be detrimental to her in so many ways, not least in that she will have to scuttle her educational and vocational plans and ramifications would be adverse for the child to. On the other hand, and as assurance to the mother and to Anna, early coitus does not always lead to unwanted pregnancies. It seems to me, however, that Anna is still too young for coitus. In another year to two she may yet learn to experiment, aside from which I feel uneasy at the boyfriends pressure on her to have sex. It seems to me that he may be too controlling and insensitive of her feelings or of her developmental stage. The fact that he is 3 years olderShow MoreRelatedTeenager sexuality refers to sexual feelings, behavior and development in adolescence. It is a900 Words   |  4 PagesTeenager sexuality refers to sexual feelings, behavior and development in adolescence. It is a stage of human sexuality which is often a vital aspect of teenagers’ lives. 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The media also bombards Americans with sexuality and sex on television and inRead MoreAdolescence Sexual Development Essay833 Words   |  4 Pages Life is full of changes and in the period of the adolescence the changes start to develop what a person will be in the adultness. Many factors are matured in the teenage years as an example, one of them is sexuality. Sexuality can be a very important variable in the life of an adolescent, because in this life period the sexual identity is defined. There are three strong circumstances that can define the sexual identity of an adolescent: The biological characteristic, love and pornography. The biologicalRead MoreSexuality and the development of a sexual selfhood is a development that can occur during900 Words   |  4 PagesSexuality and the development of a sexual selfhood is a development that can occur during adolescence. While this categorical event may be universal, how it is experienced is unique based on personal, social, and contextual reasons. This development arises from an intertwining of physiological and psychological processes and is tightly related to identity. Historically, research on sexuality has been driven by a public health agenda, which is overshadowed by moral panic and bad outcomes of adolescentRead MoreYoung Person Who Is Going Through Adolescence Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesDefined by Merriam-Webster Dictionary adolescents is â€Å"a young person who is developing into an adult: a young person who is going through adolescence† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2016), Everyday adolescents are exposed to many ideas about their sexuality. There are several major factors that play into an individual adolescent’s views of sexuality. This dissociation between the ideas being pushed on children about sex causes confusion. Adolescents receive their sexual education and ideasRead MoreAdolescence And Emerging Adulthood : The Breakfast Club1377 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationships by the day’s end (Hughes et al., 1985). The film illustrated a rather realistic portrait of adolescence in several topical domains. The Film’s Portrayal of Adolescence The authors of The Breakfast Club produced a developmentally accurate depiction of adolescence (Hughes et al., 1985). Many of the film’s portrayals of adolescence complement the works of Arnett, author of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach (2013). Cliques and Crowds Each main character in the movieRead MoreCyber Deviance Among Adolescents And Adolescents1714 Words   |  7 Pagessocial learning, self-control, and differential association have been used with a positivist approach – more specifically the positivist’s assumption of determinism – to try to explain adolescent â€Å"cyber deviant† sexual behavior (Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1994). It is important to note that this writer’s analysis is specifically written not to discuss whether or not this type of behavior is or should be defined as normal, a crime, or even deviant – despite the use of the term â€Å"cyber deviance† –Read MoreThe Documentaries Killing Us Softly 4 Essay1252 Words   |  6 PagesJean Kilbourne and Dream World 3 directed by Sut Jhally explore the distorted and fallacious ideals of femininity and sexuality expressed in contemporary media. The documentaries Dream World 3 and Killing Us Softly 4 examine the exploitation of women within the media. The media, such as advertisement and the music video industry, relies heavily on the seductive image of female sexuality. Evident in not only every genre of music, but also every form of advertisement, the videos and advertisements exposeRead MoreSong Is Popular Among Teens988 Words   |  4 Pagesappropriate to get attention and become popular with her fans that are easily influenced by sexuality agendas by young teenagers hormonal changes during this mental and physical changes in their lives. Miley Cyrus reminds me of Madonna actions with her lyric and album â€Å"Like a Virgin† back in the 1980’s. Madonna’s actions set her apart from other music artist and caused society to relook how young adolescence males and females were acting out in the response to a young female that was sexy, talentedRead MoreReproductive Health Knowledge And Unsafe Induced Abo rtion Among Female Adolescent1571 Words   |  7 Pages1Reproductive health 2.3 Sexual and reproductive health 2.4 Knowledge of contraception and its usage among adolescents in Nigeria 2.5 Incidence of unsafe induced abortion among adolescent 2.6Adolescent sexuality and the question of chastity 2.7 Cultural and adolescent sexuality 2.9 Adolescent sexuality in a changing world 2.10 Theoretical framework CHAPTER THREE : METHODS OF STUDY 3,0 Introduction 3.1 The study population 3.2 The research design 3.3 Survey design 3.4 Sample size and sampling technique

What Is a Tell the Remnants of Mesopotamian Cities

A tell (alternately spelled tel, til, or tal) is a special form of archaeological mound, a human-built construction of earth and stone. Most types of mounds around the world are built within a single phase or period of time, as temples, as burials, or as significant additions to the landscape. A tell, however, consists of the remains of a city or village, built and rebuilt in the same location for hundreds or thousands of years. True tells (called chogha or tepe in Farsi, and hoyuk in Turkish) are found in the Near East, the Arabian peninsula, southwestern Europe, northern Africa, and northwestern India. They range in diameter from 30 meters (100 feet) to 1 kilometer (.6 mile) and in height from 1 m (3.5 ft) to more than 43 m (140 ft). Most of them began as villages in the Neolithic period between 8000-6000 BC and were more or  less steadily occupied until the Early Bronze Age, 3000-1000 BC. How Did That Happen? Archaeologists believe that sometime during the Neolithic, the earliest inhabitants of what would become tells chose a natural rise in, for example, the Mesopotamian landscape, in part for defense, in part for visibility and, especially in alluvial plains of the Fertile Crescent, to stay above annual flooding. As each generation succeeded another, people built and rebuilt the mudbrick houses, remodeling or even leveling the previous buildings. Over hundreds or thousands of years, the level of the living area became increasingly elevated. Some tells included walls built around their perimeters for defense or flood containment, which restricted the occupations to the top of the mounds. Most of the occupation levels remained on top of the tells as they grew, although there is some evidence that homes and businesses were built along the base of the tells even as early as the Neolithic. It may be that most tells have extended settlements that we cant find because they are buried beneath floodplain alluvium. Living on a Tell Because tells were used for such a long time, and presumably by generations of the same families sharing cultures, the archaeological record can inform us of the changes over time of a specific city. In general, but, of course, there is a lot of variation, the earliest Neolithic houses found at the base of tells were single-storied one-roomed buildings of basically the same size and layout, where hunter-gatherers lived and shared some open spaces. By the Chalcolithic period, the residents were farmers who raised sheep and goats. Most of the houses were still one-roomed, but there were some multi-roomed and multi-storied buildings. Variations seen in house size and complexity are interpreted by archaeologists as differences in social status: some people were better off economically than others. Some tells show evidence of free-standing storage buildings. Some of the houses share walls or are in close proximity to one another. Later residences were thinner-walled structures with small courtyards and alleys separating them from their neighbors; some were entered through an opening in the roof. A singular style of room found in early Bronze Age levels of some tells is similar to later Greek and Israelite settlements called megarons. These are rectangular structures with an interior room, and an exterior unroofed porch at the entry end. At Demircihà ¶yà ¼k in Turkey, a circular settlement of megarons was enclosed by a defensive wall. All of the entrances to the megarons faced the center of the compound and each had a storage bin and small granary. How Do You Study a Tell? The first excavations in a tell were completed in the mid-19th century and, typically, the archaeologist simply dug an enormous trench right through the middle. Today such excavations—such as Schliemanns excavations at Hisarlik, the tell thought to be the legendary Troy—would be considered destructive and highly unprofessional. Those days are gone, but in todays scientific archaeology, when we recognize how much is lost by the process of digging, how do the scientists cope with recording the complexities of such an enormous object? Matthews (2015) listed five challenges facing archaeologists who work on tells. Occupations at the base of tells could be hidden by meters of slope wash, alluvial floods.Earlier levels are masked by meters of later occupations.Earlier levels may have been reused or robbed to build others or disturbed by cemetery construction.As a result of shifting settlement patterns and variations in construction and leveling, tells are not uniform layer cakes and often have truncated or eroded areas.Tells may represent only one aspect of the overall settlement patterns, but may be over-represented because of their prominence in the landscape. In addition, simply being able to visualize the complex stratigraphy of an immense three-dimensional object is not easy in two dimensions. Even though most modern tell excavations only sample a part of a given tell, and archaeological record keeping and mapping methods have advanced considerably with the use of both the Harris Matrix and GPS Trimble equipment widely available, there are still important areas of concern. Remote Sensing Techniques One possible assistance to archaeologists would be to use remote sensing to predict features in a tell before beginning excavation. Although there is a wide and growing number of remote sensing techniques, most are limited in range, able to visualize only between 1-2 m (3.5-7 ft) of subsurface visibility. Often, the upper levels of a tell or the off-tell alluvial deposits at the base are zones which are quite disturbed with few intact features. In 2006, Menze and colleagues reported using a combination of satellite imagery, aerial photography, surface survey, and geomorphology to identify previously unknown remnant roads connecting tells in the Kahbur basin of northern Mesopotamia (Syria, Turkey, and Iraq). In a 2008 study, Casana and colleagues used low-frequency ground penetrating radar and electrical resistance tomography (ERT) to extend the remote sensing reach into Tell Qarqur in Syria to map subsurface features in the mound to depths greater than 5 m (16 ft). Excavation and Recording One promising recording method involves the creation of a suite of data points in three dimensions, to produce a 3-dimensional electronic map of the site that allows the site to be analyzed visually. Unfortunately, that requires GPS positions taken during excavations from the top and bottom of boundaries, and not every archaeological examination of tells has that. Taylor (2016) worked with existing records at Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k and produced VRML (Virtual Reality Modular Language) images for analysis based on Harris Matrices. His Ph.D. thesis reconstructed the building history and plots of artifact types of three rooms, an effort that shows much promise for grappling with the huge amount of data from these fascinating sites. Sources Casana J, Herrmann JT, and Fogel A. 2008. Deep subsurface geophysical prospection at Tell Qarqur, Syria. Archaeological Prospection 15(3):207-225.Losier LM, Pouliot J, and Fortin M. 2007. 3D geometrical modeling of excavation units at the archaeological site of Tell ‘Acharneh (Syria). Journal of Archaeological Science 34(2):272-288.Matthews W. 2015. Investigating Tells in Syria. In: Carver M, Gaydarska B, and Montà ³n-Subà ­as S, editors. Field Archaeology from Around the World: Ideas and Approaches. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p 145-148.Menze BH, Ur JA, and Sherratt AG. 2006. Detection of Ancient Settlement Mounds. Photogrammetric Engineering Remote Sensing 72(3):321-327.Steadman SR. 2000. Spatial Patterning and Social Complexity on Prehistoric Anatolian Tell Sites: Models for Mounds. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19(2):164-199.Taylor JS. 2016. Making Time For Space At Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k: GIS as a tool for exploring intra-site spatiotemporality withi n complex stratigraphic sequences. York: University of York.

Operations Management Quality Improvement Initiative Essay

Learning Plan 5 Quality Improvement Initiative Identify a business that has recently launched a quality improvement initiative (Harley Davidson would be just one of many examples). Your business could be one that is primarily product-providing or one that is primarily service-providing. Do some independent research in order to provide an overview of this initiative and the results of their efforts. The overview should take the form of a two-page paper. Within that assignment, cite examples of any control costs or failure costs that you can identify, in addition to prevention costs, appraisal costs, internal failure costs, and external failure costs (all of these terms are defined in considerable detail in section 8.8 of your textbook).†¦show more content†¦Thus the customer service initiative. In this initiative, customers are randomly called after they have been in the branch and are asked to rate their experience with Chase personnel and their visit to the branch. They are given a rating scale of 1 to 10, 10 being the best, 1 being the worst. Every Chase employee is highly aware that the rating received must be either a 9 or a 10 or it is counted as a zero. Consequently, the emphasis of each employee is to go above and beyond what is expected for every customer. Another change Chase made is they re-designed their portfolio of accounts to retain and acquire the most satisfied customers possible. Many changes have taken place in the product selections over the last few years. The products have been geared to meet the needs of the customers while also keeping the bank profitable. Chase, like other banks, has sought to increase the methods of payment processing available to the general public and business clients. These products include debit cards, prepaid cards, smart cards, and credit cards. However, with convenience of easy credit, there is also increased risk that consumers will mismanage their financial resources and accumulate excessive debt. Banks make money from card products through interest payments and fees charged to consumers and transaction fees to companies that accept the credit- debit - cards. This helps in makingShow MoreRelatedNissan S Operations Management Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesOperations management 1. One of the improvement initiatives that helped to win the Sunderland plant a new model was a four-year programme. It started eight years before the new model was due to start production. Why do you think it takes eight years for initiatives like this to come to fruition? Definition Operations management focuses on carefully managing the processes to produce and distribute products and services to its users. A great deal of focus is on efficiency and effectiveness ofRead MoreThe Case for Change1270 Words   |  6 Pagesengagement was needed. Within an employee centered culture, employees are utilized for their overall value input for increased exposure and profit. This case study will focus on the methods and strategy to redesign a business culture for change and improvement. | Introduction | | As a business that has been operating for almost 75 years, Modern Appliances has proven to be competitive within its market field. Totaling over $ 2 billion in sales, the company has been a leading manufacturer in homeRead MoreSigtek Case Study Essay811 Words   |  4 Pageswill drive the quality initiative (i.e. what does the quality initiative have going for it?) †¢ The major drivers to the success of the TQ program was that Sigtek was in desperate need of a change in its processes or face the risk of going out of business. This rift between operations and engineering would drive the company into the ground given the weak leadership of the President, Charles Bradley. 2. What are the barriers for a successful implementation of the initiative? †¢ There wasRead MoreGSCM 588 - Major Paper Outline UPS968 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ GSCM588 Final Project Proposal Outline 1. Quality Management at the United Parcel Service (UPS) 2. United Parcel Service (UPS) 3. Background/overview of organization Size of company: 435,000 Worldwide Founded in 1907, UPS is the worlds largest package delivery company and a leading global provider of specialized transportation and logistics services. Using advanced technology, access to global resources, and an integrated network of physical, technological, and human assets, UPS providesRead MoreIntermountain Healthcare Analysis995 Words   |  4 Pageslow cost, high quality delivery. The Midwest-based integrated delivery system achieved this reputation by adopting an approach that emphasizes reducing healthcare costs through process-driven delivery quality improvement. The three most important elements of this approach are: 1) the focus on minimizing variation in key processes to enhance treatment quality; 2) a robust clinical information management system which enabled measurement for improvement; and 3) a responsive management structure thatRead MoreThe Baldrige Performance Criteria For Performance Excellence Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagesincorporating similar elements, the differences between the Baldrige Performance Criteria and the ISO 9001:2015 standards create the potential for greater satisfaction and continual improvement in organizations when they’re used in combination with each other. Introduction A lack of focus on innovation, quality and continual improvement has caused many companies to falter. As forward thinking companies strive to maintain their competitiveness in the marketplace, various tools are available to assist in meetingRead MoreBanking(Lean)1237 Words   |  5 Pagesthe future, after improvements are implemented. 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Customers tend to seek for higher quality of care when choosing treatments, providers, and health plans. For healthcare organizations that desire to provide high quality care and compete in the global market, choosing a quality management program to implement is critical for performance and efficiency. Many studies have been conducted to analyze

“Of Mice and Men” and “Into the Wild Essay” Free Essays

of Mice and Men’ and Sean Peen’s ‘Into the Wild’ explore the fundamental themes of freedom, companionship and following your ambitions. (QUESTION). ‘Of Mice and Men’ is set during the Great Depression in which George and Leonie explore the realism of freedom and hardships by hoping to one day have their own farm. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Of Mice and Men† and â€Å"Into the Wild Essay† or any similar topic only for you Order Now In contrast, Chris from ‘Into the Wild’ achieves ultimate freedom by choosing to run away and live In the wild. Both texts explore different perceptions of freedom. Steinbeck novel demonstrates how everyone’s perception of freedom is suppressed. George and Lien’s idea of freedom is to have their own land and yield themselves from the peril of the world. However, they are denied this freedom because of their lack of money. The technique of multiple perceptions Is adopted by the omniscient narrator to access various view points of the characters that represent different types of freedom suppression. This is depicted in the sentimental quotes by Curlers wife who says â€Å"l tell yea I could of went with shows’. Ã'› She was breathless with indignation† or Crooks who states â€Å"Cause I’m black. They play cards In there, but I can’t play because I’m Black. Similar to George and Leonie, Chris desires freedom however, he does this by moving away from a lavish lifestyle to one of struggle which he calls â€Å"ultimate freedom†. This change is contrary to that of George and Leonie who are looking to free themselves from the chains of poverty. Through the poetic phrase â€Å"The f reedom and simple beauty Is too good to pass up† Chris expresses his new found freedom in the laws of nature. Therefore both texts explore a heightened sense of suppression for the protagonists when it comes to the idea of freedom. The necessity of companionship is integral in both texts. Companionship can have both positive and negative ramifications. In Steinbeck novel Leonie Is shown to exhibit child-like behavior which makes him completely dependent on George. As a result of his disability, Leonie spends all of his time with George and the pair often find themselves running from authority. Despite the difficult situations that Leonie Imposes on George, George describes his gratitude towards Lien’s companionship through a sentimental tone when he states â€Å"†¦ With us it anti like that†¦ We got somebody to talk to†¦ † This highlights that through a time of great difficulty where people avoided each other as expressed through the quote, Maybe everybody in the whole damn world is scared of each other† George values Lien’s companionship. In contrast. Peen’s film explores Chris’ distaste for human companionship in order to achieve his ultimate freedom. He expresses this through his aversive tone, â€Å"You don’t need human relationships to be happy†¦ † Chris demonstrates that companionship isn’t necessary to have happiness and that it can be found In nature. HIS viewpoint of companionship Is a result of his parent’s physical disputes. However he later realizes that he was happiest when in the company of other travelers. He expresses this through the technique of regretful tone as he says â€Å"Happiness only real when shared†. Therefore both texts signify the Importance of companionship. Both texts promote the Idea of following your ambitions to ultimately lead you to happiness. George and Leonie strive to have their own farm but their dreams remain unfulfilled. In the end George has to kill Leonie 1 OFF Burns’, â€Å"To a Mouse†, which contains the couplet, â€Å"The best laid plans of mice and men / Often go awry’. Hence, it is a novel that Juxtaposes the nature â€Å"of mice† – and the social world – â€Å"men† and provides an insight into the fading nature of ambitions. The manifestation of handicapped characters such as Crooks having a crooked spine, or Leonie being mentally slow, metaphorically schemes the theme of men going ‘awry by trying to achieve a disillusioned dream. Peen’s film contradicts Steinbeck novel and shows that Chris indeed found happiness by following his ambitions. His ambitions involved trying to understand the human condition which can be seen through his zealous poetry when Chris states † Two years he walks the earth†¦ The climactic battle to kill the false being within†¦ No longer to be poisoned by civilization†¦. Chris wanted to understand the raw power of human experiences which he says is â€Å"†¦ The core of man’s spirit†¦ And his dedication to fulfill this ambition led him to find what he was looking for and ultimately find happiness. Therefore in conclusion, the protagonists in â€Å"Of Mice and Men† and â€Å"Into the Wild† uniquely express the fundamental ideas of freedom, companionship and following your ambitions. Their desire for freedom is shared but their perception of obtaining it is different. Steinbeck shows that the ambitions of men will remain unfulfille d while Peen’s film depicts that the ultimate freedom is to share happiness. (Question) How to cite â€Å"Of Mice and Men† and â€Å"Into the Wild Essay†, Essays

Rejection Electronics Intellectual Property -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Rejection Electronics Intellectual Property? Answer: Introducation IP mechanisms are playing an important role in the company related matter. These mechanisms can be classified as copyright, trademark and patent. The reputed companies that are using these intellectual properties are as follows: IBM: IBM is using the intellectual property mechanism to protect their innovations. The patent right is one of them. At present, the company has almost 7500 patents that are gradually increasing on year basis. The most protected area of IP mechanism is the Operating System Migration and Storage Area Network of Migration (Joyce et al. 2017). The company has to use this patent right; otherwise the terms of the right will come to an end. Legal proceeding can be taken as against any company that will make any attempt to use the protected innovations of IBM. Another mechanism is Copyright that is applied on the name of the company IBM so that any other entity shall not use the similar name. The reason behind it as the name carries out the identity of the company. Additionally, the logo used by IBM must not be used by any other company; otherwise a complex situation will be cropped up and the reputation of the company will be getting affected. Facebook: Face book is a reputed social network site and working as the best service provider since long. All the innovative ideas of Facebook are potential assets of the company and therefore, they are needed to be protected. Copyright helps Facebook in this case and the company can take all the possible legal steps in case any other company intends to copy their innovations (Litman 2017). Further, Facebook has applied the right to secure their name as the name is bearing a global identity now. Facebook brings about innovation in certain sectors such as news feed streams and market place to sell the staffs to other users. These innovations are the personal credit of the company and needed to be protected. Patent right does this job. Samsung: It is a multipurpose company and most popular product of this company is mobile phones and tab. The company has been providing lots of innovative ideas to the customers and holds a good place in the world of mobile technology. At present, the company is obtaining 5000 patent rights per year. One of the best innovations of the company is White Light Emitting Diode and Liquid Crystal Display. It is required to come under the purview of patent right (Yang 2016) On the other hand, the logo and catch line of the company are also needed to be protected through copy right. The main reason behind the same is to protect the identity of the company from others. Instagram: Instagram is a leading company in the world of social media. This company also provides certain creative thoughts that are needed to be protected. The business outsource of this company is growing on daily basis; therefore, possibility of imitation of its products by others has been cropped up. Therefore, this company has adopted certain process to protect their innovation by way of IP mechanism. This company also has its logo as identification mark and that are needed to be protected. The company has protected that logo by the process of copyright (Xie 2016). Sony: Sony is a multinational conglomerate that are providing service in the field of electronics, entertainment and gaming. It is the fifth largest TV manufacturer and therefore, it is obvious to state that the company needs to protect their innovative skills. The company acquires patent rights for securing their innovative thoughts. The company also acquires copyright over their name, logo and trademarks to restrict other copying the same. (a) Companies which have their own operating system must acquire the rights under patent to secure it. Apart from this, all the inventions are considered as their own credit and the company needs to protect the ideas so that all the other companies could not copy from that (Burkart 2015). IBM needs to secure its operating systems from the outsider company so that they could generate original products. Concurrently, it is important to copyright their name and trademarks. (b) Samsung is one of the leading companies in the arena of electronic goods and phones. The company is famous for new product innovation and invention, therefore, to retain their reputation, the company needs to protect their product from the outsiders. IP mechanisms are playing an important role in this case (Knuutinen 2014). It helps to protect their intellectual properties so that the company can avoid all the future dilemmas. Reference: Burkart, P., 2015. Intellectual property rights.The International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication and Society. Joyce, C., Ochoa, T.T., Carroll, M.W., Leaffer, M.A. and Jaszi, P., 2016.Copyright law(p. 85). Carolina Academic Press. Knuutinen, T., 2014. Intellectual Property Rights. Litman, J., 2017. Digital Copyright (2017). Xie, K.Y., 2016. Improving the Patent System by Encouraging Intentional Infringement: The Beneficial Use Standard of Patents.U. Pa. L. Rev.,165, p.1019. Yang, L., 2016. The Research of Limited Patent RightFrom the Perspective of Injunction Rejection.Electronics Intellectual Property,8, p.009.